Thursday, February 20, 2020

What Causes Conflict Among Nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What Causes Conflict Among Nations - Essay Example One of these major issues that can be brought up for mention is the issue of conflict among nations (Hugh, Ramsbotham & Woodhouse 72). This conflict may exist in varying types and may not only involve outright war between two countries. There are more subtle conflicts between nations that take place in this day and age of politicizing strategies and economic competition. All these variations can be referred to as conflict amongst nations and one may not need to look hard to observe their presence or the impact they have had on the affected nations. In order to understand the issues that arise behind conflict between nations one has to identify the underlying causes that allow these conflicts to settle and take root. Once the main source of the problem has been located the matter is able to be effectively dealt with (Hugh, Ramsbotham & Woodhouse 39). With regard to the main cause of conflict among nations, it can be argued that power is the main culprit in many cases. A majority of the conflict that arises between nations can be traced back to issues of power between the involved parties with the main question usually being â€Å"Who has the most?† This power struggle can either take place via blunt ambition from the two nations with each showcasing their capabilities as in times of war, and it can also take place in a calmer pretext with political arguments and stances being the main tools initialized in this form of sparring. Types of Power Struggle Case Scenarios There are various positions that a conflict between nations may take, but they all result in the same conclusion, discontent among the involved nations. The issue of a power struggle may not always be observed from the cliche case scenario whereby it is the matter of a weaker power struggling against a mightier one (the classic David versus Goliath Situation), but as a result of the political bonds and legal agreements between nations amongst other factors, there are a number of case scenarios that a power struggle can take (Hugh, Ramsbotham & Woodhouse 67). It is essential that these scenarios be studied in order to better understand the reasons behind the struggle (Jabri 78). By doing this, one may be able to resolve the conflicts in an amicable manner that would preserve the relationships that may have been previously fostered between the involved nations. The main case scenarios involving power struggles include: 1. Too Much Power This is a case scenario whereby one or more of the nations involved in the conflict may feel that a group of nations or a particular one may hold too much power in certain matters and thus are intent on leveling the playing field. This power may take on a number of forms within the nation such as military, political or economic strength of a country (Stark 91). Nations that may be involved with such nations may feel the need to strengthen their position so as to get a better deal out of the relationship they are trying to foster. It should be noted that in such a case the main issue is not exactly that the power acquired by the nation in question is more than the protestors but to do more with the manner in which this power was acquired. Such conflicts usually arise when a nation or group of nations may feel aggrieved in a certain position as they feel they may have been put at a disadvantage via certain factors that may tend to lean the advantage towards the accused nation. A good example of this is the de-arming process in the Middle Eastern regions whereby nations may

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Credit Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Credit Risk - Essay Example There has to be experience to scrutinize all the credit information and interpret the same. However good the analyses may have been, the bank will be in no position to distinguish a good borrower from a bad borrower, who has no intention of repaying the loan. Despite all the caution, bad loans do creep into the banks accounts. Thus, evaluation and pricing decisions should be followed up with periodic review of the account and the credit rating of the borrower. Any fall in the rating will increase the credit risk. Credit risks persist from the time the loan is granted throughout its life period and continuous review during this period will help in the early detection of the problem loans. The above information is for monitoring the credit risk exposure at a micro level. If a broader outlook of the credit risk exposure and its position is to be determined, then a macro level approach has to be adopted. This is made possible through the use of the Capital Adequacy Ration (CAR). The capital adequacy of a bank, which is the ratio of its capital to its risk weighted assets (RWAs), provides information about the extent to which the possible losses can be absorbed by the capital. Normally, the ultimate defense against credit risk that a bank possesses will be its equity capital or net worth. If from an earnings position, it turns out into an operating losses position, it would be the equity capital account that absorbs such losses, thereby giving management time to reach to the situation. Therefore, it can be said that the higher the CAR the better it is for the financial institution. The main aim of the credit policy of a bank will be to screen out the best proposals for acceptance. The Capital Adequacy rate provides a benchmark for monitoring the risk level considering the total assets of the company. Commercial banks provide capital market related services, depository services, advises on portfolio management or investment counseling, etc. Many banks have now started offering investment services to the retail customer, which is essentially advice and execution of mutual fund investments and redemptions. CAPITAL MARKET PRODUCTS Advice on debt and equity is restricted primarily to new issues, with secondary market investments being discouraged. There are no charges for this service; in fact, customers are paid incentives/commissions for investing through them. The bank essentially gets its income from the mutual fund/broker directly and also cross-sells other banking products. Arbitrage, stock lending are products, which are beyond traditional asset management but still many banks are offering them to retain their customers ((ICMR), Commercial Banking, 2003). Portfolio Management Services offered by banks can be differentiated into discretionary and non-discretionary services. Discretionary portfolio management allows the portfolio manager to take investment decisions on behalf of his/her clients within the broad parameters of asset allocation. Non-discretionary services of the type provided by banks essentially mean that the client has to authorize, every transaction done on his/her behalf. The non-discretionary services offered by a banker can be listed as follows: Advisory services - Flexible, unbiased